Poetry Analysis: Joseph Von Eichendorff

Desires Joseph von Eichendorff is seen as one of the most famous poets of the German romanticism. Eichendorff composed many poems about his desires, the romantic world of joy, the simple intimacy, and the experience of nature as a way to God to create a mental antithesis to his violent affected military life. In this manner, his poem â€Å"Moonlight Night†, written in 1837, reflects his desires and his closeness to nature and to God. The speaker of the poem describes his feelings and impressions of a moonlit night presenting nature and its beauty in a very detailed way with the use of illustrative language. Related article: How to be Old by May Swenson AnalysisThe poem consists of three four-line stanzas. The stanzas are written in an alternating end rhyme scheme and it is striking that the first and the third stanza both contain an imperfect rhyme. In addition, there are enjambed line-breaks between the respective first and second line of the first and third stanza. Due to the similarity of the structure of these stanzas, the second stanza seemed to be framed and the poem appears as a circle. The rhythmic meter is iambic with alternate female and masculine cadences. Each stanza features one sentence.Also, the poem radiates deep peace and harmony; it seems relaxing to the reader which is reinforced by repeating of the adjectives â€Å"quiet† and â€Å"soft†. The headline â€Å"Moonlight Night† and the first stanza give the frame of the story: â€Å"It was like Heaven’s glimmer/ had [quietly] kissed the Earth’s skin /that in Her blossom’s shimme r/ She had to dream of Him†, it is night and the speaker seems to dream. The heaven is used as a metaphor which symbolizes God and the earth is an image for the mortal. The heaven and earth – being personified – interact with each other in the form of a kiss.The interaction of the kiss stands for the love that god gives. The â€Å"blossom’s shimmer† is understood as the godly shine which can be interpreted as warmth and love which god spreads over the earth. The word â€Å"quietly† makes the moment – of the heaven touching the earth – intimate and creates a calm atmosphere. In the second stanza, the speaker focuses on the nature: â€Å"The breeze was gently walking/ through wheat fields near and far;/ the woods were softly talking/ so bright shone ev’ry star. † The speaker personifies the breeze which is walking through the wheat fields.The breeze being sent from heaven – thus from god – is touching t he woods and wheat fields â€Å"gently† and â€Å"softly† which again creates a harmonic atmosphere and the touch shows the connection of god and mortals. The breeze goes â€Å"near and far† which again shows God’s endless love for the earth. Translating word to word from the original, German version, the second line would say â€Å"ears of the corn swayed gently† which also puts the description of the nature in context to the first stanza: ears of corn are a Christian symbol for the Eucharist.The nature is used as a symbol for the religious feelings of the speaker. The speaker appears the first time as a first-person narrative in the last stanza: â€Å"And thus my soul extended/ its wings through skies to roam:/ O’er quiet lands suspended, my soul was flying home. † Importantly, that the speaker uses the adjective â€Å"quiet† again to underline the calm and intimate atmosphere of the setting. The speaker gives a comparison sa ying that his soul is opening its wings like a bird that gets ready to take off.The speaker dresses his soul with wings which shows the deep emotion that the speaker perceives through the nature. Caught in the perception of the heavenly-touched, harmonic, and beautiful nature the speaker lets go all earthly bonds for his soul to be free; the here and now is not enough for the speaker which is a typical topic of the late romanticist movement. Furthermore, the first stanza stated that the heaven (god) is moving down to touch the earth and the last stanza is saying that the soul is flying up home.The heaven can be interpreted as the home of the soul, which is the Christian paradise. The harmonic atmosphere which was carefully built up during the whole poem is hurt by the last two lines which imply the death of the speaker and therefore puts the mortal speaker in contrast to immortal beauty of the nature. The poem â€Å"Moonlight Night† gives a typical example of the romanticism showing the speaker’s love of nature and his religiousness.The religiousness is not only seen in the words but also in the structure of the poem: the number three. There are three stanzas and three is also the cross sum of the number twelve (the poem consists of 12 lines). The number three represents the Trinity which is the matrix of the Christian faith. Eichendorff created a poem which is – especially despite its brevity – very deep and impressive, showing the infinity of the beauty and the desire to be close to god.

Life Span Development Essay

Michael Joseph Jackson was born August 29, 1958-June 25, 2009. He was well known for being an recording artist, dancer, singer-songwriter and philanthropist. He was a famous icon for over four decades. Michael was the eighth child of the Jackson’s family and shared his fame as being one of the Jackson 5’s along with his brothers. He began his solo career in 1971 and was a music icon by the early 80’s. Looking at the story of his life I feel that his environment had more influence on his psychological development than heredity. The family dwelling was normal as to be expected with the exception of what I would call living as a star in the spotlight. Heredity had little to do with Michael’s development and personality. I can say that his father was a person that may have had a compulsive personality disorder because he was really demanding thinking that would make the group achieve success better. In the end result the father hindered the group more than he helped. He took away their childhood because they were forced to practice or rehearse during times they should have been having fun as kids. Michael developed many personality issues with his success. First of all, there were several aspects of Michael personal life that was a controversy. To begin with changing his personal appearances was greatly publicized. Michael Jackson suffered from this disorder called Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). With this condition a person suffers with shame and embarrassment and even disgust with their physical appearance. 75% of those with BDD seek out either plastic surgery or dermatological treatments in order to change their appearance. (Shepphird, 2006-2009). Michael Jackson had a total of 13 plastic surgeries’ where he tried to resemble Peter Pan’s image. This was also characterized by an Erotic Identity Disorder. His face was very unnatural looking. The most erotic behavior was when Michael decided to bleach his skin. Michael also was known for having a eating disorder. He admitted this himself when he admitted the pain from his father’s abuse. He suffered from bulimia at age seven. This followed him to adulthood where he was a very frail and weak adult. (Lauren, 2011). His stressful life and deprived childhood could be a cause for this disorder. There was a child molestation case against Jackson with a 13 year old boy in which resulted in a drug addiction caused the bulimia to get worse. Michael’s body was skeletal and his body was extremely pail. It is not known as of yet if this disorder contributed to his death. The last disorder known to have been suffered by Michael is a sleep disorder. Some research has shown that a person that one with less than sufficient sleep is more prone to cause accidents. I can also be related to affecting relationships and mental prowess; it makes you feel â€Å"disconnected† from the world. When your lack of sleep is caused by a tough deadline or a common cold, one normally does not have any problems recovering a normal pattern, but if you have trouble sleeping on a regular basis, this guide to managing common sleep problems and disorders can help you be well on your way to experiencing healthy, restorative sleep. (Barston, 2010). Michael Jackson didn’t have much of a child hood at the age of 5 he was applauded for his voice at a recital performed at his school during Christmas. At the young age of 11, he got to sing on lead vocals on the band formed by him and his brothers. The band, ‘The Jackson 5’ released a number of singles before being signed by Motown Records label in 1968. The magazine the Rolling Stone described young Jackson as a child prodigy, as he used to sing famous numbers of Sam Cooke, James Brown, Ray Charles, and Stevie Wonder like a grown up. (iloveindia. com, 2010). This was a huge impact on the social development of the pop star. Many may argue that the other siblings were not affected therefore Michael should have been the same but it is well documented that Joe Jackson the pop stars father was harder on Michael than any other child. Joe Jackson feels that he was hard to make Michael who he was a famous singer/dancer. As Michael got older he relied on support from friend in which he considered his family like Diana Ross, Elizabeth Taylor, Brooke Shields, and Oprah Winfery. Jackson’s bizarre assortment of friends and acquaintances only added to the weirdness that characterized his life. Macaulay Culkin, the actor who was well know in the movie Home Alone was a good friend of Michael whom took extra measures to defend him saying he had shared a bed with the pop star and never been molested. The comment may have helped in the defense end but really made American look at the star in disgust. Macaulay Culkin felt as though the accusations were insane. While listening to the Larry King interview in 2004 I thought it was strange that Michael Jackson a grown man had invited Culkin to his house at age 11. Macaulay Culkin even appeared in Jackson’s video Black or White. In Culkin’s opinion Jackson related to children because they didn’t care who he was or what his past looked like. But indeed this was the opinion of a child. The relationship was very child like whereas Culkin talked to Michael like he was a normal human being, played video games together and lived out his childhood fantasies. (Guardian. co. uk  © Guardian News and Media Limited 2011, 2013). The two different Theories of personality I can relate Michael to would be the Psychodynamic Theory and the Humanist Theory. The Psychodynamic Theory is heavenly influenced by childhood experiences. According to psychodynamic theories, factors which contribute to child abuse include being abused as a child, immaturity, social isolation, a personal history of a family crisis, and drug or alcohol problems. Looking at the direction Michael’s life took it seems that his responses were influenced by the abused he was adhered to in his childhood. Joe Jackson indeed was really abusive to Michael and those childhood experiences hindered his for life. In an interview with Martin Bashir, Michael stated â€Å"I never look at myself in the mirror, I had very bad pimples and acne and it was very difficult for me to face the public looking so ugly. † According to the Humanists Theory the focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self. Michael Jackson was not satisfied with himself no matter what surgery he had. He was powerful with lots of money but needed to get help with buliding self regard or their self concept. The theoretical approach I feel that should have been acted on is the psychodynamic psychotherapy which should have been started when Michael was a child. His father should have gotten help when the kids were stripped of their childhood but instead they were forced like slaves. When I look at all the childhood celebrities they are always in the spot like because they re forced to be adults to perform, sing, and dance when they should be children. This in my opinion is a sort of rebellion. In conclusion, I feel that money is not everything you have to weigh the pros and con’s when making choices especially if it strips away childhood. Many people say Michael Jackson was an accident waiting to happen but yet no one could help him get the psychological help he needed to save his life. He was very t alented and no one on this earth will be able to fill his shoes. So with that being said I can say rest in peace Michael Jackson.

Pulmonary Effects Of Smoking Marijuana Dissertation

Pulmonary Effects Of Smoking Marijuana - Dissertation Example Research shows that many users of marijuana often inhale it as extremely hot fumes, usually to peak inspiration, and held as long as possible before being exhaled slowly. According to a study by Forrester et al (2012), this form of smoking has a greater impact on the pulmonary system because it predisposes the lung parenchyma to a greater damage than the smoking of standard tobacco cigarettes. Research concerning the impacts of smoking marijuana has been done in the past and confirmed that the risk of regular smoking of marijuana is similar to those of regular tobacco smoking (Onaivi, 2006). There are many studies on the effects of tobacco on the respiratory system as well as certain diseases have been profiled and linked to tobacco. However, few studies have focused on the effect of marijuana on the pulmonary function. Hii et al (2008) investigated the effects of smoking marijuana upon pulmonary emphysema using a series of 10 patients consisting of ages between 32 and 50, two female and eight male. The participants were those who were presented over a period of 12 months in a respiratory unit showing new respiratory symptoms and those who admitted being regular consumers of marijuana. The participants also exhibited the following symptoms on presentation including dyspnoea, pneumothorax and any kind of chest infection. In this study, high-resolution CT shows variable sized, asymmetrical emphysematous bullae in the mid and upper zones. However, CT revealed normal CXR in four patients and normal functioning of the lung was normal in five patients. This study shows that marijuana smoking predisposes individual smokers to asymmetrical bullous disease mostly in normal CXR setting and function of the lung. The study also revealed that these pathological changes take place at a younger age up to 2o years earlier compared to tobacco smokers (Hii et al, 2008).

Essay title Even young children can be involved in decision making in

Title Even young children can be involved in decision making in the family and in schools. Use the course materials to illustrate how children can be involved and also why involvement might be difficult - Essay Example Parents who are aware of these issues can begin to interact with their babies from the start. When a child is older, especially when they get to preschool or school age, it is important to begin the process of their decision making by allowing them to make decisions of what they want to wear or about a particular toy they want to use in their play. Another very important aspect of involving children into the decision making process is to help them form secure attachments when they are very young. Secure attachments make a child fell loved and help them to understand that they can talk about anything they need to talk about with a parent. Establishing this type of opportunity when children are young will give them another opportunity to find their place in the family. Decisions making for many things are easy for a parent to involve their child in, but when it comes to something like bedtime the child may not have much of a choice. According to the text book, there are many ways that a parent can work with a child who does not want to go to bed at a certain time. The challenge for parents is that sometimes they are working to get a child to conform to their wishes and the child has no reason to do so. A parent may decide that the child has several options for bedtime that are around the same time. They can then allow the child to pick one of those bedtimes and the child will think they have made their own choice. One of the challenges when a child does not conform or do what a parent says is that the parent may want to use corporal punishment (spanking) for the child. According to the text, this is never a good idea because children can bully other children with hitting, a child is taught to repress strong emotions, smacking can often make defian t or uncooperative behaviour worse and children can become angry and resentful which can change their attitude towards their family members (69). Instead of smacking, many parents use time outs for children and

Detainees in Afghanistan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Detainees in Afghanistan - Research Paper Example Human Intelligence has the potential for handling the issue of torture of Canadian detainees in Afghanistan. Torture among the detainees is a painful act that is considered wrong because it violates human rights. Torture refers to the act of intentional inflicting of severe physical pain and injury to a person who is possibly restrained and unable to defend against the actions of torture. Torture for detained prisoners has been a subject of discussion over history; forms of torture vary from time to time depending on place and time. Reasons of torture include interrogation, punishment, deterrence and revenge. The act of torture may be intended to kill or not kill, but sometimes torture is fatal and precedes murder and serves as a cruel form of capital punishment. The subject of torture among the detainees is a sensitive issue considering the psychological and physical pain that the subjects of torture undergo. It is critical to focus on humanity and develop mechanisms for identifying torturous acts in order to develop effective mechanisms to counteract torture. The Canadian detainees in Afghanistan face fierce torture; the torturers could not be recognizing the fact that a psychologically tortured person is not an excellent source of information. The international law prohibits torture in the 21st century. Most countries have also illegalized acts of torture in their domestic settings. This is because torture is considered a violation of human rights. Article 5 of the United Nations Universal Declaration declares torture unacceptable and illegal in law2. Signatories of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions formally agree not to torture detainees of the armed conflicts. The UN Convention Against Torture prohibits torture; this law has been ratified by one hundred and forty seven countries. Torture, is therefore, a sensitive issue that requires further inquiry and limits its possible occurrences through human intelligence. The year 2002 marked the beginning of Canada’s military involvement in Afghanistan. Canada worked with the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which consisted of forty-two countries tasked counterinsurgency to respond to the September 11 attacks. The Canadian Forces handed over its prisoners to the United States. The torture and prisoner abuse in the hands of the US armed forces in Iraq made Canada to hand over its prisoners to Afghanistan. The first allegations of a detainee torture occurred in February 2007 when Amir Attaran, Law professor in the University of Ottawa, produced documents evidencing torture3. The professor revealed that three prisoners in the Canadian military police were taken into the hospital by Afghan interrogator for treatment of similar injuries in the upper body and the head on the same day. The role of Human Intelligence is to collect information necessary to ascertain the possibility of torture among the detainees. Human Intelligence personnel will depend on spies, both local and international, to gather information that can help in comprehending the causes and effects of torture in jails. Data will be collected through interviews, observations and questionnaires among the current detainees, medical doctors and released detainees. This will help in establishing the intensity of torture in the jails. Organization and Mission Global Intelligence Agency (GIA) has the potential for doing investigations concerning the torture of the detainees. The creation of

Breast Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Breast Cancer - Essay Example little more than 2.47 million women who had experienced having breast cancer, women should be informed the proper way of conducting a self-breast examination as a way of increasing their chances of survival. For this study, the student nurse will discuss the importance of breast cancer screening followed by explaining the proper way to screen breast cancer and the step-by-step physical assessment to enable women detect early signs of breast cancer. Healthy women should undergo the most common screening test like mammogram at least once a year in order to detect signs of breast cancer at an early stage. (Breast Cancer, 2009a) Early detection of breast cancer is important since women can have higher chances of survival. This is because of the fact that early stage cancer is easier to treat as compared to late stage breast cancer. (Breast Cancer, 2008g) Aside from the use of mammogram test, other ways to screen signs of early stage breast cancer is through the use of other imaging test like the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Breast Cancer, 2008c). The blood marker tests can also be considered when screening a patient. In case cancer protein or blood markers like CA 15.3, TRU-QUANT, CA 27.29, CA125, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is present in the blood (Breast Cancer, 2008a), there is a strong possibility that the patient has a breast cancer. Because of the limitations of mammogram when screening for breast cancer, the use of digital tomosynthesis is now being considered as the best alternative for mammograms (Breast Cancer, 2008d). Although a lot of physicians believe that the use of mammography is the best method for detecting breast cancer, the Mayo Clinic 2008 study result suggest that the use of molecular breast imaging (MBI) is better than mammography in terms of detecting tumors in the breast (Breast Cancer, 2008f). Also highly recommended for women who have high risk of developing breast cancer, a new technique known as the ductal lavage can be

Special education discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special education discussion - Coursework Example For instance, a story about a blind person who still went ahead to finish his postgraduate studies and does motivational talks for other people with disabilities as well. Some of them despite their disabilities, work very hard against the perception that the society has towards them. They work very hard to prove that disability is not inability and that they can do the things that people without disabilities can do. Some of the articles are educative on the types of disabilities that exist. For instance, there are people who are physically challenged such as those who cannot walk, the blind and the deaf. Understanding special education is a skill that most people especially those dealing with the people living with disabilities should have (Friend, 2010). They need to be able to understand their feelings towards certain issues in addition to being very understanding. For instance, the teacher has to have some knowledge of braille if he is interacting with blind students. He also has to learn sign language if he dealing with deaf students. There is a group of teachers who are skilled in dealing with people living with disabilities and challenged in one way or another. This is particularly the case where the disability is so severe that the child cannot learn in normal classroom with the rest of her peers (Friend, 2010). The procedures of special education is so detailed and each child is treated differently according to the type of students that they are dealing with. Each type of disability has its own method of teaching and thus the carers should be aware of such. The mentally challenged is the most disadvantaged group as they are very easily taken advantage of. There have been many incidences where mentally disabled people have been locked in houses with no access whatsoever to the outside world. This is because they are not capable of having the same emotional responses as the rest of the population (Marshall,

Does urea formation have a feedback inhibition mechanism Explain the Essay

Does urea formation have a feedback inhibition mechanism Explain the why or why not - Essay Example Carbomyl phosphate synthase I acts as the rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle. N-acetylglutamate allosterically activates it thus lowering its Km for protein synthesis. Carbomyl Phosphate Synthase I binds with the primary ATP molecule and converts into a vigorous conformation. It then changes into a second form by binding with N-acetylglutamate thus enhancing its own ATP affinity. As a result, a phosphate group is transferred from a subsequent ATP to the enzyme bound carbamate. This changes the carbamate to carbomyl phosphate. This happens according to the Rubio-Britton-Grisolia model. Hence, it is seen that hepatic N-acetylglutamate controls the rate of protein synthesis in the urea cycle, by regulating its rate-limiting enzyme allosterically (Das 475). Arginine does not cause feedback inhibition of Carbomyl PS-1 or OTC but stimulates the activity of acetylglutamate synthetase. However, according to Snodgrass (67), â€Å"in bacteria and fungi, arginine inhibits conversion of glutamate to acetylglutamate†. Also, only at high concentration levels, orthinine transcarbomylase and argininosuccinate synthase undergo feedback inhibition mechanism by citrulline and argininosuccinate, which are their respective

How is Jesus described in Matthew's Gospel as the fulfillment of Essay

How is Jesus described in Matthew's Gospel as the fulfillment of Jewish hope - Essay Example In addition, he expected, in some respects that the gentiles would adhere to some aspects of the Torah beyond the laws that were formed for status or social distinction. Therefore, any portrayal in the 1st century of Jesus, obviously, would reflect Jesus as a Jew as was the case. However, it is the Gospel of Matthew, among all the other Gospels, that stresses the Jewish origins of Jesus. In the Gospel of Matthew, it is evident that Jesus is the ultimate fulfillment of the scriptures of the Jews in more than a dozen citations of fulfillment. Matthew starts by presenting Him as David’s son and an anointed king. Jesus, in the Gospel of Matthew, is presented as the new coming of Moses, for example, in the birth narrative. In the Sermon on the Mount, Matthew alludes to the continued theme contending that Jesus was the prophet whom the Jews had been expecting like Moses, and this is addressed in Matthew chapters 5 to 73. Here, Jesus continues to affirm the validity of the Torah to h is followers. He exemplifies that his intention is not to abolish Moses’ law or the earlier prophets but that he had arrived to fulfill them. He also claims that not an iota will pass from the Torah until it is accomplished in its totality. Jesus also teaches that anyone who relaxes these laws, even the least of them, and causes other men to do so will be the least in heaven and vice versa. He finishes by stating that unless the righteousness of his followers exceeds the Pharisees and scribes, they will not see heaven. The followers of Jesus, therefore, were required to obey the Torah in a manner that was better than the Pharisees were. The Pharisees had a reputation, both in the Gospels and outside it for following the Torah carefully in their everyday life beyond what was practiced by other Jews4. This comes through as a key to the elucidation of the following material that Jesus quotes Moses’ law and interprets the law in a manner, which affirms in the strongest ter ms the laws’ original intent as Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew comprehended it. These do not seek to replace Moses’ law but, instead, present a radicalization of why God gave the laws in the view of Matthew. Some of those in the community that Matthew wrote the Gospel for, as well as Matthew himself, evidently went on placing importance on adhering to the Jewish law and continue being Jewish in this manner5. The Gospel of Matthew was written around the year 80-85 CE, which was about twenty years following the death of the apostle6. It is, therefore, clear that another person and it wrote this Gospel is likely that this person was trained in the law of the Jews as Matthew was. As with the rest of the Gospels, Matthew possesses a unique perspective since it interprets Jesus’ life for a specific audience. Matthew’s first readers constituted of Jews and Christian converts, who previously gentiles were living in Antioch. The first Christians were converts from Judaism, although when the church began to accept gentiles, conflicts abounded. For instance, they had to decide whether the later converts would be required to convert to Judaism first on being accepted into the Christian faith7. The argument was as to whether they would have to observe traditional customs of the Jews and follow the Law of Moses. The argument also

Exploratory methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exploratory methods - Research Paper Example In such context, Naslund (2008) defined case study approach as contraction of positivistic perspectives where researchers try to formulate case by analyzing secondary data or generate assumptions from small no of observations. Naslund (2008) defined four conditions for which, researchers should select case study approach over other exploratory methods and these three criteria can be defined in the following manner; When the research problem needs to be addressed through qualitative research. When researchers cannot access the primary data from respondents due endogenous and exogenous constraints. When aim of the researcher is to generate new knowledge regarding the research topic rather than validating previous claims. Researcher has the aim to address the research problem in comprehensive manner by comparing the examples of different subject matters. It is evident from the argument of Aastrup & Halldorsson (2008); researchers use summary findings of particular phenomenon as the case and use it to compare the phenomenon. In most of the cases, researchers use secondary sources such as company data, previous research works, academic journals etc to formulate the case while in exceptional cases, researchers might go for primary data based case formation approach (Naslund, 2008). There are some advantages associated with case study based exploratory research such as, 1- cost efficient, 2- requires less time than primary survey and 3- provides holistic view on the subject matter. But, Aastrup & Halldorsson (2008) pointed out that some disadvantages are associated with case study based research approaches such as, 1- researchers might indulge in incorporating subjective view on the research problem in the name of exploration and 2- scope of case study approach decreases with non availability of data. Despite these limitations, Naslund (2008) supported case study based approach as one of the fundamental aspect of exploratory research. Cozby (2012) and Campbell (2012) defined psychobiography as an important aspect of exploratory research which focuses on analyzing the lives of individuals who are historically important. In case of psychobiography, researchers take help of psychological theory and concepts in order to understand the lives of the very individual. Key objective of psychobiography is to understand the personality of the historically important figure and their motive behind taking any action. For example, Campbell (2012) did psychobiography of Jacques Derrida (one of the renowned thinker of twentieth century) while political leaders like Gandhi, Hitler, Stalin are some famous subjects among researchers to conduct psychobiography. Campbell (2012) also pointed out that psychobiography is not commentary like traditional biography rather psychobiography is intended to find self-identity of the historically important figure. Question 7 Jimerson (2003) stressed on the importance of archive as knowledge repository which stores historical dat a, criminal records, litigation papers etc in the course of exploratory research. Jimerson (2003, p. 91) stated that â€Å"representation in archives has privileged the stories of these groups, since it is their voices that are most often recorded and thus most frequently heard in historical accounts.† According to Jimerson (2003), archival research is alternative version

James Dean as the Iconic Rebel Figure Essay Example for Free

James Dean as the Iconic Rebel Figure Essay The Oxford English Dictionary defined a rebel as â€Å"a person who resists authority, control, or convention† . These are the characteristics of James Dean’s screen personas in Nicholas Ray’s Rebel Without a Cause and Elia Kazan’s East of Eden. In a time where conformity was a dominant ideology in society, rebellion became a way to display your own individuality. Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden both respectively deal with the vexing problem of the asocial youth who remain stubbornly delinquent against the nuclear family. Each respective film touches upon the puzzling subject of the 1950s, which is juvenile delinquency. The films also provide ammunition for the ideological rebellious behavior for teens to parody. Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden are both concerned with young people â€Å"estranged from their communities and struggling to define themselves differently than the norm† . James Dean was an attractive rebel figure because he represented the raw-nerved emotions of being an adolescent while he also asserted a romantic, mythic notion about, which became attractive to audiences young and old. Dean’s upfront sexiness and relentless desire to imbue honor make Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden films that withstand generational changes and remain prevalent within teenage society today. James Dean as the archetype for the ‘rebel’ character personified a decade of defiance, and his screen portrayal of the iconic rebel sparked a cult following that superseded his life. The continued relevance and renowned status of Dean’s screen persona is prevalent because of its â€Å"sympathetic treatment of adolescent anguish† that each director concentrated on. The enigmatic nature of the rebel icon made it easy for the viewing audience to grab hold and manifest their personal principles onto it. Dean was catapulted to a cult figure as he evoked the submerged pain and spoke for a generation of people who had sense of being stifled and smothered by values that were imprisoned by. Furthermore, Dean molded the formation of the â€Å"tough-but-tender† iconic teen rebel in the 1950s, and became a commodity and the legendary figure of teenage angst. Dean’s unbridled emotions both on and off screen became essential in both Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden as they channeled the teenager in all of us . The 1950s were a time when teenagers were struggling with their own identity and this idea of conformity was oppressive to their individual growth. James Dean epitomized the ‘rebel’, as his inability to stick to confined conformity both on and off screen was a major asset during 1950s filmmaking. The rebel character that was present in both films was an attempt to glorify individuality. Dean’s protagonist characters in each respective film were alienated, vulnerable and antisocial, which were standard traits of the common rebel. The 1950s became an era where individualism had to be tempered to suit the demanded conformity. The ‘rebel’ icon as a whole offered refuge in a time where adolescents were trapped in environments created by political and social forces beyond their control, which impeded their ability to make their own choices or realize their aspirations. Filmmakers like Ray and Kazan attempted to assert their individuality by creating these rebellious characters that went against the accepted norms and fought for what they wanted to achieve. Ray was acutely aware that the recognitions of the attractive young rebel would intonate a large following, and casting the Hollywood bad-boy, James Dean, created a synergy between Dean’s screen persona, Jim Stark, and his real life counterpart. With his magnificent confusion, pained fragility, and unwavering sexiness, Dean became the template for teenage rebellion. Rebel Without a Cause exemplifies a thinly veiled attempt to search for authority that catapults into an attempt to search for an identity for oneself. On the other hand, in Kazan’s films, he exploited Dean’s screen persona as the rebel anti-hero in American movies, democratizing and linking the rebellious behavior to root in American values . This was also seen in Rebel Without a Cause; however, this idea was predominant within East of Eden. By Kazan doing this, Dean as a rebel character, but also the film East of Eden became symbolic visions and vehicles of change. The integrity of the family formed the backbone conformity in the 1950s and non-conformity based on a non-traditional family was something that had not been fully explored. The non-traditional nuclear family is something that was taboo; however, both Ray and Kazan deal with them in their respective films. In Rebel Without a Cause the use of gender-role reversal is apparent; and within East of Eden, the idea of an absentee mother is present. These non-traditional nuclear families pave the way for the rebel character that Dean personifies on screen. Dean is used as a sentimentalist with a yearning to refurbish the struggling nuclear family. Since the nuclear family played such an influential role, Hollywood saw it as worth saving and worth reconstructing. During this decade, the nuclear family dominated, so it was important to reconstruct the failing nuclear family in order to promote the conformity the government and society sorely desired; in cases where the nuclear family could not be restored, sickness or injury became the typical Hollywood scapegoat. While the nuclear family plays an important role in understanding the rebel character, the family plays a background role within the film itself. The nuclear family within Rebel Without a Cause features gender role reversal where Dean’s father is a weak pushover and is controlled by his overpowering wife, that ultimately forces Dean to react in a rebellious manner. These non-traditional gender roles confuse the teenage characters and propagate the rebellious characteristics as a mean for garnering attention. In order to right these wrongs, Jim adopts a surrogate family, whereby Judy is his wife, and Plato becomes the adoptive son. Since there is a lack of a traditional nuclear family, the escape to the abandoned mansion removes Dean from the â€Å"compromises of the real world† whereby he is able to live with Judy and Plato in an â€Å"idealized version of family life†, which is when he comes to the realization that he no longer needs to â€Å"equate masculinity with violent rebellion† and perpetuates his reintegration into society. Additionally, Elia Kazan was fascinated with James Dean’s personal struggles, which helped him connect to his rebellious character as Cal in East of Eden. Kazan used Dean’s personal problems to his advantage, exploiting them and creating a tumultuous nuclear family that mimicked the biblical tale of Cain and Abel. The â€Å"love and hate† plotline that deals with forbidden love and explosive passions is reticent of the well-known biblical tale. Cal – defiant, disobedient, and uncompromising – provokes the central conflict within the film, which impersonates his biblical counterpart Cain. Cal himself is stuck between the â€Å"brooding coast of his mother’s sin† and the â€Å"sunlit valley of his father’s righteousness†, which adjusts and brings to light the coexistence of good and evil within all of us. Cal and Aron are primary demonstrations of this good versus evil idea, as they are fighting for their father’s affections, which is a paralleled allegory of the biblical tale. However, it is also applicable to the 1950s when the film was created, and can be further adapted to fit modern society, which is why East of Eden is a timeless film. Dean’s character Cal exhibits a multitude of self-destructive behavior. As a traditional rebellious character, Dean exhibits free will and the capacity to forgive even though he begrudges his father and brother throughout the diegetic. Cal is embittered with the idea that his father favors Aron, his â€Å"perfect† twin brother. Further, Cal attempts to win his father’s undying affection by farming beans and selling them for a large profit. If Cal shows his father that he can create a successful business and repay him monies lost, he would be showered with the affection he feels deprived from. Cal’s plan backfires and instead resorts to â€Å"killing† his brother by destroying his integrity in order to gain his father’s affection and adoration. However, this plan fails and ultimately causes his father’s demise. The theme of reconciliation appears in East of Eden when Dean offers to take care of his invalid father shows his father that his intentions, while misguided, were pure and only used as a guise for his father to notice all his hard work. Dean’s concern with masculinity and manhood is at the forefront of Rebel Without a Cause. Dean exhibits â€Å"moral and psychological vertigo as he teeters on the brink of manhood† , and is concerned with masculinity as there has been an apparent lacking representation of manhood within his home life. Dean is searching for a strong and upright male figure with whom he can identify with, which was a customary representation during the 1950s. Instead of being a strong role model, Dean’s father portrayed as a craven subordinate who succumbs to the over-demanding ways of his boisterous wife. For a struggling teen, these ideals prove to be less than appropriate, which launches Dean into rebellion, in hopes of finding the role model he desperately needs and desires. In the absence of a credible adult guidance, especially from his father, Dean questions his masculinity. Furthermore, Dean equates manhood with honor. This theme of masculinity and honor is present in both Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden. In Rebel Without a Cause Dean plays the role of the informer, which is an honorable characteristic . Informing is construed as the highest act of courage, and displays a defining moral choice. Having this moral compass helps to shape and define the man that Dean will turn in to, which is a dependable figure as he attempts to salvage Pluto’s insanity and Judy’s insecurities. Dean screen persona is concerned with not only preserving his honor, but also with surviving and thriving in a world that embodies teenage confusion. Ultimately, Dean’s reconciliation with hegemony makes a rebel honorable, possible by the virtue of its own authority and â€Å"unimpaired by psychosis, alienation, or a romanticized futility†. While Dean is a rebel within East of Eden by defying his father’s orders, he has honorable characteristics when dealing with his manhood. Integrity and honor are integral parts to Dean’s persona as he attempts to save his father and salvage his well being after an ill-advised investment. The rebel character that became a figure of non-conformity, and rugged individualism became not only a culture but also became a political stance as a way to stray from American hegemony. Ray uses Dean as a dissent of social control, in order to promote the independence that became synonymous with rebellious behavior. There was a pressure to conform that was thrust upon the young adolescents, who were already facing a confusing time during their formative years. Dean as a ‘rebel’ is espoused as the cause of the protestor and stultified the inherently violent social system. The rebel sparked debate and offered a different perspective that would not have been possible with a completely conformist hegemonic society. In order to stray from a completely hegemonic society, and defy global homogenization, America can turn iconography against itself. This was a message the Ray attempted to portray by having the rebellious characters fight each other even though ultimately they believed in the same things. Psychological and social issues became prevalent and defined the two types of rebels that were present within Rebel Without a Cause. Firstly, there is the rebel that James Dean personified with displays of reconciliation and reintegration into society; and secondly, there is a character such as Plato who was a clear representation of irreconcilable rebellion. Dean is able to be readmitted into society as his disaffection was not profound in the first place, and was used as a mechanism of expression and attention in the wake of the absence of a strong father. Additionally, Dean’s rebelliousness was sentimentalized, which furthered his reintegration. On the other hand, irreconcilable rebellion is equated to insanity, which cannot be accommodated in society, thusly forcing Plato’s death and the end of the film. While psychological issues can be discusses and presented within a film, insanity is not accepted during the 1950s, so to respond to this, it is imperative for Plato to die. With the death of Plato and the re-integration of Dean’s character, there is a theme of rehabilitation. Moreover, â€Å"once the abyss of personal isolation is bridged, rebelliousness ceases† and those who cannot experience rehabilitations have no place within the film diegetic. This was seen with Plato who was shot down, and Buzz who died during the â€Å"chicken run† he challenged Dean to. Kazan’s representation of the rebellious character in East of Eden was seen as a function of a lack of love and meaningful contact, which is why Cal’s forbidden relationship with Abra became central within the narrative. Dean’s screen persona is searching for the â€Å"authentic self† and his masculine identity, which leads him to his mother as well as his reliance on Abra. Further, Abra is the catalyst for the reconciliations between Cal and his father as she promotes the loving relationship the Cal lacks with his father. East of Eden deals with moral values in a generation where teenagers begin to question their father’s generation. Abra became a representation of purity and simplicity that helped bridge the tumultuous relationship between father and son during the period of intense personal moral dilemma for the teenage rebel. All in all, â€Å"the young rebel character that is firmly ingrained in our cultural imagination carries its traces to the Hollywood screen rebels of the fifties, none more than James Dean† . Both Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden are dealing with the protagonist’s movement into moral orientation and their journey into self-identification, and present themselves as remedial, therapeutic, and redemptive, which explain symptoms with implied cures. Over the decades the rebel has been a particularly ambiguous icon, where the meanings often contradict one another; however, the use of James Dean as an iconoclastic rebel defined term and created the archetypal ‘rebel’ character. During the 1950s, every aspect of emerging teen culture was viewed as threatening and incomprehensible; however, the rebel character was used for teens to expand their personal boundaries during a time when the cultural landscape was largely undefined.

Basic personality of an individual

Basic personality of an individual Its very important for an individual to know about his personality. â€Å"Personality has been defined as an individuals characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour, together with the psychological mechanismshidden or notbehind those patterns†. No two persons can be the same they differ at any point even the twins possess different personality behaviour. Over period of research analysis it was found out that the personality is determined by the Heredity, Environment and Situation of the individual. (Robbins Judge, 2009) I have never thought of what my personality is, so when i was asked to write an essay on what my personality was it was just a great task for me to writing about my personality. Later with the help of Prentice Halls Self Assessment Library i came to know a little about my personality. At first it seemed to be a normal one for me to attend the test but later after seeing the results had me to take the test seriously and was involved in the test to find my personality. So with the help of this Self Assessment test, this essay will be discussing my personality behaviour and the thing that motivate me in the job environment. My basic personality: Emotional stability, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and openness to experience. These are called as Big Five models of personality (Robbins Judge,2009).Emotions are the intense feelings that are directed at someone are something. I am always enthusiastic person but becoming a calm person by and by. I always lose my calmness easily but by doing some personality development classes I have started being a calm person and enthusiastic person. When a work is assigned to me and if it is capable of me to work i do it with enthusiasm and finish it. I am a person who thinks that the responsibility is achieved and cannot be taken. It is us who are responsible for ones future and about dependability to say I depend on many sources like my friends, elders during some actions. As I used to like in the residential campus from my schooling so in the starting days i used to be an introvert person being alone and used to talk to only few persons but by and by as the time passes I changed myself into an extrovert person and started getting together with other persons and like the company of others. I am also not an openness person because comfortableness is found in the ones which are familiar to me rather than the ones that are not familiar to me. Jungian 16-Type Personality: This test tells that my score result is ENTP which means i am an innovative, individualistic, versatile and entrepreneurial. I have an idea of establishing an sole business for profits and also like to face risks and take challenges it was easy forme to adopt to the surrounding and I am an person who does not like to be independent and like to be a fellow person in a group rather than a some person in a group. Am I a Type-A? : In this personality test i achieved A+ personality type. I believe that it reflects only some of my qualities like that aggressive, moving, walking, eating rapidly and the impatient quality and job satisfaction in routine and really on speed. As of doing work i dont like to do both things at a time but rather like concentrating on each thing and like to work out in groups I dont like to wok on long term results but rather like to work on fast yielding results.. Ambiguity: Ambiguity refers to the term doubtfulness or uncertainty. This can be interacted as the uncertainty in the behaviour of the person seen at different situations. (Ritov and Droary, 1996) I do agree with the test partially as it reflects my personality because i tend to be more comfortable in front of the known people rather than the ones whom i dont know. I like the things going in the same way rather than changing immediately. But this one is worked out to be only outside the organization but within the organization the result reflects my personality. So for me the result reflects my personality in the work place or an organization because I like to work in a group if i am uncertain of what i am i cant be friendly to the other people. So by this I cant say that i can handle ambiguity depending on the circumstances around me. Creativity: Creativity is one of the finest ability to survive in the present world. â€Å"Roger von Oech Creative thinking involves imagining familiar things in a new light, digging below the surface to find previously undetected patterns, and finding connections among unrelated phenomena.†Ã‚   I am not an creative person but was good at studies and score good percentage but the creative ability is very less in me .During my group presentation I could find the things that are available only but could not come up with anything new which my fellow mates could come up with on a particular idea. Hence i can judge to myself that i am low at creative thinking Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different All the five assessments test discussed above are about my personality now we will discuss about the things that motivate me and there insights. The first test is about what Motivates Me? Motivation means â€Å"The process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal†. (Robbins Judge, 2009: 175).The key elements in motivation are Intensity, Direction, Persistence. For the test the analysis was made on the Growth, relatedness and Existence needs. I prefer to be given an loyal pay for the work done that was done me rather than adjusting with the unbalanced pay and if you are paid according to the work this would motivate you and make you to work hard .It was during my job as a marketing sales executive where my boss called everyone up and said he would be giving an bonus payment for the ones who makes more sales for every three months, this announce by the boss has made everyone to work hard and it helped everyone on both sides. Dominant Needs: The dominant test was carried out on four social needs Achievement, Affiliation, Autonomy, Power. I agree with the test result because i am so much focused to excel in my studies during my under graduation time because of my failure in a unit ,so during the next exam I thought to improve myself and perform better than the past result and achieved it and the similar one is being following in my life like doing the things with comparing the past results. Even the companies take the past result into consideration and plan the present strategy. The other social needs are still satisfactory for me. On the test result of what i value most? It Is a very good test question for me because it reflects most of my ideas in doing or choosing an job at an organization. As of the result shows my ideas of an ideal job whether it is a good pay, prestigious title, vacation time, security in job, recognition,interesting work, plesent working conditions friendly co-workers but i scored quite low in the flexible schedule which says that i like to work in an designed schedule rather than frequent changes. The next test is Whats my view on the nature of people? This test result was based on the Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y. It is said by the Douglas McGregors that the person with Theory X possess to be lazy, disinterest in working while the Theory Y is quite contradictory to Theory X. Persons with Theory Y tend to work interestingly and are very responsible in their work.Based on the scores of the result the personality of a person is divided evenly. According to the assessment test result I am flexible in the selection of my senses. An example for this can be during the group formation of a particular unit. Each and everyone are new for me and I have no idea of their knowledge, personality and behaviour. Few of them looked to be smart , not active, lazy and thought I had fallen in an unexpected group and have decided to try my luck in the group but as the timed passed by the group was more friendly and everyone are quite different from what I judged. The next test is on the course performance goals? The test is basically trying to test our reasons to study and whether it is an goal oriented study course work or not. I have come to Australia from India for doing my Post graduation in Telecom and Business Management. As I want to explore my knowledge globally and three would be no sense if I have come here without any goal and waste my money. I have done my Under graduation in India and as have a goal of establishing an business and thought to establish that business in Australia. So thought to do my post Graduation in Australia which help me in two things like getting to know the Australian culture and will also be obtaining a study degree. The next question is about how confident am i in my Abilities to succeed? Without self confidence and hard work achieving goals is not easy. Robbins and Judge (2009) states that self-efficacy refers to an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task .An example for this can be the recent job which i had got in an software company .My role is to call the customers and remind them to make their outstanding balances, at first when i started making calls i was so much shocked by the responses of the customers and as it a new challenge for me to compete i thought to withdrew from the job by the response of the customers but the team leader helped me in rising my confidence and after that the job was not as it is before . The next test is about my Attitude toward Achievement: this test helps in understanding the reaction of the individual on the success of the others. The scores tell me that i favour very less seeing the successful people fall. An example for this can be the present fall of an Indian originated MNC company SATYAM. The chairman of the company had worked hard to build-up the company but he had been cheating the company share holders from past few years showing fake annual results of the company. I do also like to see the successful people being rewarded. An example for this can be the Issue of Oscar award to the Indian Musician A.R.Rahman. I like to get paid for what i do and expect to be given the same importance as other who do the same work as I do. In a short and simple to say i expect the outcomes to be the same as the incomes of which i keep. The assessment result says my character as the equity sensitivities which is an mirror image of my quality and idea. The job motivation potential is calculated depending on the factors of skills,task identity,task significance,Autonomy and Feedback.I like to work in a job where there is variety ,less contribution moderate autonomy and a constant feedback for my work. During my job as an call centre operator i used to have variety tasks to complete and my contribution would be less for the company and used to get a constant feedback for every call I talk. Do I want an Enriched job? Everyone like to have a enriched job. â€Å"job enrichment strategies may not have the same effects in more collectivistic cultures than they do in individualistic cultures† (Robbins and Judge, 2009: 237).The result shows that i like have a job with innovation, security, friendly employees and my ability to excel. It would be wonderful thing to summarise my essay in few lines. With the help of this essay it was able for me to know my personality and motivation. My personality is an emotional stability one with a less creative knowledge and stress based and have ambiguity quality and need to reduce this. On for the ones that motivates me are the during my job is the good pay for the job ,friendly environment, power to do, security in the job, mindset of the people, aim oriented and the attitude towards the achievement and the level of confidence in achieving the goal.

Investigate the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behaviour

Investigate the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behaviour Abstract Video games have become one of the favorite activities of adolescents worldwide. A growing body of research is linking video game play to violent, aggressive and anti-social behavior. The purpose of this study was to Investigate the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behavior. The first aim of this study was to document the different type of video games and how they work through electronic devices and also to examine associations among video game exposure and the impact it has on school grades and obesity levels. The second aim was to indentify factors which lead to violent, aggressive and anti-social behavior and the extreme lengths in which advertisers and players reach to enjoy the benefits of video games. In addition this study also presents brief outline of the current ratings and censorship on video games in Australia. The overall result of the study revealed that adolescents who expose themselves to greater amounts of video game violence were more were more likely to perform more poorly in school and increase obesity levels. The research also suggested that exposure to violent video games may increase angry and hostile feelings while interacting with peers, teachers and adults. Other results include that the encouragement of violence and the use of weapons like guns, knives, pipes and bombs in video games can ultimately lead to real life situations of violence. The study also goes to length by examining some video games which have been banned due the violent and inappropriate content. The study altogether reveals that modern technology for example video games have an association with many current issues in society like violence, obesity and the extreme addict adolescent have to video games. Section One: Introduction The impact of video games has become a controversial issue in modern times. The gaming industry has grown enormously through the evolution of modern consoles, games and accessories. The hype that surrounds new technology and technology gadgets is unprecedented even in the world of gamers. Video games now play a huge role in society affecting many people around the globe. According to many studies, Video games can increase aggressive behavior and emotional outbursts and decrease inhibitions in many people. (Kardaras 2008). Teenagers are mostly affected by video games because nowadays in many of the richer countries it is perceived as a necessity in their lives, rather than a privilege. This paper provides an investigation into the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behaviour. For the purpose of this examination the information has been broken up into six sections. The first section examines what video games are and the different types of games found in the gaming industry. Next I look at how video games have an impact on society and then the possible factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behaviour. Section five explores how video games have been used to form a second life. The final section will discuss how effectively game ratings restrict anti-social and adult content The information presented in the first three sections is instrumental for the factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behavior. There is no question that video games have an impact on society and it has become a huge problem in recent years. One thing that is certain is that the gaming industry is growing rapidly which increases the impact of video games on the society. Section Two: What are video games and the different type of video games? A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms .There are many different platforms which video games can be played on. These are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large computers to small handheld devices (Video Game 2009) Video game platforms have become very common in households around the world. The Australian Bureau of Statistics completed an extensive investigation into the Australian Gaming industry and the results clearly show that gaming is widespread in society and that it continues to grow. Some of their findings include: The Australian games industry is worth an estimated $140 million per year Australians spend over A$2 million per day on interactive computer games Annual compound growth of the industry is 12.3% 12.5 million games were sold in 2006 6.1million video game consoles have been sold since 2000 3.6million Australian households have a video game console 4.8million Australian households have an internet enabled PC which is capable of playing games (Booker 2008) The platforms continue to evolve and become more and more sophisticated with time. Some platforms have been designed so that a gamer can access their video games at any time; for example with the PSP (play station portable) a gamer is able to carry his console around with him/her anywhere. The Wii console set a new precedent for the gaming world, trying to create a physical gaming experience. When it was released in December 2006 it was the fastest selling gaming console in Australian history, In the first four days of its launch in December 2006, 32,901 Wii units were sold nationwide (Moses 2006). It bought a new dimension to the industry; its main selling point was that it had games that allowed gamers to exercise reducing the need for outside activity and trying to curb obesity. Due to the revolution of new game consoles there are many different types of games which are being played these days. These games range from action to puzzle to driving games. According to Caruana, Caruana and Bruner 2009 the seven different types of game that can be identified are action, adventure and role playing, arcade, strategy, simulation, driving and puzzle games. Action games usually have a large amount of violence due to their fast-paced nature. Many of these games fall under the category of mature rated games which are inappropriate for children. Some games are milder but may contain suggestive themes. Action games may allow the user to play person against person or person against animal/alien. Some examples of such problematic games include Halo, Star Wars, Jedi Knight and Enter the Matrix (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Adventure and role playing games are usually less graphic than action games and typically have an element of surrealism and fantasy. Many times these games are combined with a role playing element and allow the character to initiate dialogue. These adventure and role playing games are designed to be less intense than action games; they often do include violence. These games tend to be among the most addictive due to the narrative fantasy themes. Examples of this genre are Starfox Adventures and Billy Hatcher. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Arcade games can be almost anything from the violent Street Fighter to the classic Pacman. This category includes games that cover the entire spectrum of ratings. Many older arcade games have been updated and turned into 3-D. Some examples are Pacman and Soul Caliber 2. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Strategy games most often involve tactical movement of troops and/or players. These games may be warfare based or may be as simple as chess. The content of many of these games can be appropriate for children but they tend to be difficult to play. Combat is often slower paced and allows time for strategic thinking. Some examples are Advanced Wars I II and Chessmaster 2000 (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Simulation games are often aircraft simulations. You get to fly a jet or a helicopter. Most have nothing more to them than the destruction of enemies; rarely do they use excessive language. Some games in this category include Secret Weapons Over Normandy and SimCity. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Driving games are most often racing, but some are also crash derby or mission-based. Players usually get a choice of car and get better and better cars over time. Some of these games are Project Gotham Racing, ATV Offroad Fury, and the highly offensive Grand Theft Auto. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Puzzle games are rated for everyone. They all involve thinking and logic skills. A common puzzle game is Tetris. Many others are Tetris-like or involve color matching skills. Many games incorporate puzzle aspects but are not true puzzles. Some of the puzzle-incorporating games fall under Action or Role-Playing games. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) Section Three: How do video games have an impact on society? Adolescents and children are the groups most exposed to video games. They are at such crucial stages in their development and highly influenced by their environment which is why they are deliberately targeted time and time again by the gaming industry and advertisers. It is a common belief in society that they are becoming increasingly exposed to games that cause some to become violent, aggressive and antisocial. According to Gentile, Lynch, Linder and Walsh (2004) the average child in the USA aged 2-17 years old plays video games for seven hours a week. This average masks wide differences between boys and girls and children of different ages. There is a gender difference in the number of hours spent playing games. In modern studies it has been shown that adolescent girls played video games for an average of five hours a week whereas boys averaged thirteen hours a week. The two aspects of video game use that are of interest are the amount of time involved and the content. With respect to content, researchers have been most interested in violent games compared with non-violent games. Although not all studies have differentiated between violent and non-violent content this is an important distinction as it is likely that the effects of amount of play and the content of games may be independent of each other. For example most evidence suggests that amount of play affects school performance whereas violent content affects aggressive outcomes (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004). Although Greg Thom reports that The games which have the most positive impact on users are educational games which help users with the enhancement of visual and communication skills (Thom 2009). A good indicator of the negative effects of video games is its impact on school and grades. School performance is very essential for many adolescents and their families all around the world. Performance at school will offer more opportunities for the students in the future. While students are provided with these opportunities for the future many adolescents around the world choose to spend hours on video games rather than focusing on studies. Video games can have some positive aspects but studies have shown a negative association between the amount of video game playing and school performance for children, adolescents and college students. Games can be played in moderation but for many who are avid gamers it becomes more important than other things that they should be focusing on. Studies show a fairly consistent negative connection between leisure video game play and grades. For example, high-school students who report spending more time playing video games or who report spending more money on video games had poorer grades in English classes. This indicates the huge impact it has on students because students are addicted to the enjoyment of different games. The content of the games being played certainly could affect the relationship between amounts of play and school performance (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004) However, regardless of content the amount of play could affect grades negatively by displacing time spent in other educational and social activities. This suggests that electronic media can influence learning and social behavior by taking the place of activities such as reading, family interaction and social play with peers. If the average child plays video games for seven hours week, those are seven hours that the child is not engaged in reading, homework or participating in creative activities. The content of the games being played certainly could affect the relationship between amounts of play and school performance The overall impact that video games has on students affects them both mentally (addiction of the game) and physically (lack of movement and exercise). Video games become a necessity in their lives leading them to forget other responsibilities like school and social interaction. As shown before with the impact of video games on school performance affecting adolescents, it can be said that adolescents are also affected by video games through the increasing obesity levels. Numerous studies have shown that sedentary behaviours like watching television and playing computer games are associated with increased prevalence of obesity(Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh Merchan 2005) The cause of teenage obesity is generally because of lack of physical activity combined with unhealthy eating habits. Society has become very inactive especially adolescents because they have become addicted to video games which becomes part of their daily routine rather than their regular exercise. Adolescents spend hours sitting in front of computers, video games or televisions. One survey showed 43% of adolescents play video games for more than two hours games per day (Teen Obesity Statistics 2009). Obese teenagers may also suffer from depression which can lead to a viscous circle of staying at home watching TV, snacking and gaining more weight feeling worse about themselves (Teen Obesity Statistics 2009). This cycle attracts people to play video games because it can be played at home and they are able to snack during their games. It harms a video gamer both mentally and physically which further increase obesity levels. Obesity is one of the biggest unsolved issues around the world with USA having the highest obesity levels in their population. According to research, 14% of adolescents in the United States are overweight. This figure has nearly tripled in the last 20 years (Teen Obesity Statistics 2009). This clearly indicates that obesity is an enormous problem for adolescents in the USA and countries with advanced technologies such as video games consoles like the PS3, PSP and Xbox 360. Section Four: Factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behavior. Violent video games have been a high discussion issue for many years now. Many violent video games have been linked back to aggressive, violent and anti social behavior, for many the line between reality and fantasy is lost through their addiction. For many gamers they are able to live out their fantasies for example in the game Second Life in this game players are able to live their fantasies to the point where they can no longer make the distinction between whats real and whats not. Even though the games on their own dont make a person aggressive violent or anti-social they are still a contributing factor. In modern times games are designed to be entertaining, challenging and sometimes educational. Many companies and advertisers want to push the boundaries, so games are released where it is better to kill people, attack police and drive dangerously, all illegal acts in real life. Recent content analyses of video games show that as many as 89% of games contain some violent content and that about half of the games include serious violent content towards other game characters. Therefore among the games being purchased and played by youth, a majority contain violence. The popularity of video game violence has driven much research on the possible harmful effects on children and adolescents. (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004). Although violent video game exposure is related to negative social outcomes, some experimental work suggests that video game exposure independent of content is related to improvements in certain types of cognition and learning. (Barlett, Anderson and Swing, 2008) With some research for positive outcomes of video games, the negative outcomes are clearly more evidence of negative outcomes through surveys and analysis. For example a meta-analysis by Anderson and Bushman (2001) found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there appear to be five consistent results of playing games with violent content. Playing violent games increases aggressive behaviors, increases aggressive awareness, increases aggressive emotions, increases physiological arousal and decreases pro-social behaviors. These effects are strong and have been found in children and adults, in males and females and in experimental and non-experimental studies. These modern games due to consumer demands are made to have violent and disturbing scenes in them. Research by Anderson has suggested that exposure to violent video games may increase angry and hostile feelings while interacting with peers, teachers and adults which leads users to violent behavior. (Anderson et. al. 2004) Perhaps the best example of violent video games influence over adolescents is the case of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris. They opened fire in their Colorado high school in 1999, killing 13 people. Experts made a link back to the continuous playing of video games by these two young men. Reports revealed that Harris and Klebold played a lot of violent video games including Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Mortal Kombat. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold enjoyed playing violent video games and these games played a role in their violent acts at Columbine High School. Eric Harris had actually modified a version of the game Doom and placed it on his Website. In his version there were two shooters, extra weapons, and the other people in the game couldnt shoot back. Eric and Klebold essentially acted-out their version of Doom on innocent classmates (Holmes 2005). The dramatic rise in violent shootings by teenagers many of whom have been like to be play violent video games is fueling the argument that video game violence translates into real-world situations (Layton 2007). In many violent video games players are encouraged to actively participate as a character by choosing how they will interact with other characters including which weapons will be used while fighting or attacking other characters. Weapons often include guns, knives, pipes and bombs. (Anderson et. al. 2004) In cases of extreme violence like the case of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris as described above encouragement of violence in video games can ultimately lead to real life situations of violence. The addictive nature of video games can cause anti- social behavior. Often gamers can connect with people around the world without even meeting them or knowing who they really are. From the comfort of your own home, one can communicate via countless chatrooms, twitter, msn, facebook, email and my space; the list goes on and on. The easy access of the internet and the speed which one can do it eliminate the need to go out and socialise in order to meet people. Time spent on video games results in time lost socializing and interacting. Although reports by Greg Thom suggests fun games which encourages teamwork and friendship, can lay the groundwork for positive interaction between children, leading to better behavior and academic results show some positive connection with video games (Thom 2009). The negative linkage with video games is shown more with players spending hours alone on a video game which isolates them from the rest of the world physically, which weakens their social skills. Basic social functions are forgotten. The video game player does not know how to handle social behavior. One cause of the anti-social disorder is even more time spent in front of video games. Another cause is isolation, aggressiveness, and disregard for rules and regulations. An initial addiction of video games can easily turn into a psychological anti-social personality disorder (The Dark Side of the Internet). Section Five: Second Life: Escape from reality. The gaming world has developed enormously in the last ten years. Today there are virtual reality games invented for users to interact with other users online in a whole new world. Second Life is a program that has taken the world by storm. The second life offers similar worldly commitments like business, leisure and friendship. When there is a place to turn and virtually become anything you want to be, why would any user want to leave that fantasy life. This virtual world promotes itself as an escape from reality. Second Life is a 3D virtual world created by its residents thats bursting with entertainment, experiences and opportunity. The Second Life Grid provides the platform where the Second Life world resides and offers the tools for business, educators, nonprofits, and entrepreneurs to develop a virtual presence (Holmes 2005). The main in-world activity is the building of interactive objects using a scripting language that is theoretically designed to be simple enough for those with no previous programming experience. This fits in with Second Lifes stated goal of encouraging widespread group participation and creativity. Objects can be either donated to the world or can be brought for Linden Dollars the Second Life currency. Once you have been through the Second Life orientation a user will be able to explore the world of Second Life. There are so many things to do in Second Life. Just about anything you can do in real life you can do in Second Life. Some of these things which you can do in Second Life are shopping, partying, attending events and having sexual relationships. These types of activities make Second Life such a popular game because it allows users to live a life of fantasy and glamour. Although with all the fantasy of Second Life there has been cases were inappropriate actions have taken place. While Second Life has taken technology to new heights the platform also has been severely criticized for interesting many visitors and turning them into Internet addicts (Linden Lab 2009). The attraction of second life is that users can enter a world that would allow them to be whatever they want and have a life different to their real one. When one can turn into a millionaire with mansions and cars at their disposal, why would they want to go out into the real world. Section Six: Overview of ratings and censorship in Australia. The intention of a rating system is to restrict people from playing certain games. It is designed to provide users with adequate information to make informed decisions. However the current system is open to manipulation quite easily whether that be by corrupt retailers or careless parents. Games that are rated MA15+ or AO are at risk of falling into childrens hands. With pirated media rampant in society a game that is banned in your country could be located and downloaded from a destination where is has been released. Two of the main reasons that games are banned are because they promote anti-social behaviours and expose users to high violence and adult content. For example Marc Ecko Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure was banned, for amongst other things, its glorification of graffiti (List of banned games 2009). While one could argue that it is harmless, the fact remains that graffiti costs approximately 300 million each year in Australia, which families end up paying for with higher cost for services, rates and insurance premiums. Of the thirty three games that have been banned in Australia fourteen of them contained images that were deemed inappropriate for users and considering that the average age of a video gamer in Australia is 30 years old that is indicative of just how explicit the content is (List of banned games 2009). There are already issues in todays society with children being exposed to images/cultures which are not appropriate. The game, Phantasmagoria goes so far as to have a rape scene in it. Without censorship games like these that are highly inappropriate could easily make their way in to children hands. Ratings are vital because they are a tool by which companies must abide to produce a game that can be made available to the masses. However while it is possible to control the content of what hits the shelf, it is what happens once they have been bought that remains the issue. Section Seven: Conclusion The impact of video games is enormous and is increasingly affecting people around the world daily. From street fighter to FIFA 09 these games are impacting society through mental and physical conditions. People are becoming addicted to games and they are impacting some people in a way that they act like the characters they play in the games. In one case, a murder, as explained in the essay, was linked back to the playing of violent video games. Young people in society are mostly attracted to video games. Games with contain violent content and lead aggressive and anti-social behavior are reaching our childrens hands. One question which we should ask Are we to blame the video game companies for producing very harmful games, the parents for buying inappropriate games for their young children or the young people who play the games?. The impact of video games on society is evident with the gaming industry estimated to be worth millions and the development in technology over the years. The research revealed that an estimated 6.1million video game consoles have been sold since 2000.Video games impact society in many ways like school performance, obesity levels and violent behavior. Many games have been banned for there violent and inappropriate contain for example in Australia the game Phantasmagoria was because of its caused huge controversy with rape scenes in it. The issue of video games and there negative effects is evident as shown in the essay. The gaming world had has become so dominant that people are playing games more and more every day because of the releasing of different games daily. The adventure and role playing games were found to be among the most addictive due to the narrative fantasy themes. With new technology like PS3 players allowing the users to use the internet for daily purposes like online banking and shopping. The gaming world has come part of many peoples life and it has either affected them positively or negatively. In many cases gamers have been affected negatively with outcomes like violent, aggressive and antisocial behavior from the exposure to video games and there inappropriate contain in some cases. There is no definitive solution to the issue of gaming and the effect that it has one the user. There needs to be more regulation and parents should become more aware of what they are allowing their children to play. Ultimately, people need to be more conscious of separating the gaming world from the real world and try and maintain a reasonable balance between reality and fantasy. For many the line between reality and fantasy is lost through their addiction of gaming. Reference list: Anderson, C.A. Bushman, B.J 2001. Effects of violent games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12 , pp. 353-359. Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. ., Flanagan, M., Benjamin, A.J., Eubanks, J., Valentine, J. C. (2004). Violent Video Games: Specific Effects of Violent Content on Aggressive Thoughts and Behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, p. 199-249. Barlett, C. P, Anderson C.A, Swing, E.L (2008) Video Game Effects- Confirmed, Suspected, and Speculative: A Review of the evidence, Simulation Gaming, vol. 40, pp. 337. Booker, L 2008, Australian Bureau of Statistics Releases Data On Local Games Industry, viewed 4 September 2009, http://www.kotaku.com.au/2008/04/australian_bureau_of_statistics_releases_data_on_local_games_industry/#. Caruana, V, Caruana, C Bruner O (2009), Types of Video Games, Focus on the Family, viewed 28 June 2009, http://www.focusonthefamily.com/entertainment/mediawise/parents_guide_to_video_games/types_of_video_games.aspx. Dehghan, M, Akhtar-Danesh, N Merchant, A. T (2005) Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention, Nutrition Journal, vol. 4, pp.24 Familari, P 2009, Virtual games, real pain, Herald Sun, 3 October, p. 15. Gentile, D.A, Lynch, P.J, Linder, R.H Walsh, D.A 2004, The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance, Journal of Adolescence, vol. 27, pp. 5-22. Holmes, L 2005, Violent Video Games Produce ViolentBehavior, viewed 6 September 2009, http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/familyresources/a/vidgameviolence.htm. Kardaras, E 2008, The Effect of Video Games on the Brain, Serendip, viewed 2 September 2009, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1742 Layton, J 2007, Do violent video games lead to real violence? , viewed 25 June 2009, http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/video-game-violence.htm. List of banned video games 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 28 July 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games#Australia Linden Lab 2009, Linden Lab Research, viewed 2 September 2009, http://lindenlab.com/. MacDonald, A 2009, Violent video rating under scrutiny again, Hearld Sun, 28 September, p.20. Moses, A 2006, Wii breaks Xbox sales record, The Sydney Morning Herald, December 14. Teen Obesity Statistics 2009, Troubled Teen 101, viewed 4 September 2009, http://www.troubledteen101.com/articles42.html. The Dark Side of the Internet, A social, psychological and economic study of the positive and negative impact the internet has on children and families, viewed 27 June 2009, http://people.hamilton.edu/bhouse/DoWeEncourage/DoWeEncourage5.html. Thom, G 2009, Videos part of game plan for happy kids, Hearld Sun, December 10. Video Games 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 1 July 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games#cite_note-0. Weinstein,B 2009, Second Lifes founder responds to criticism, MetaVerse Journal, viewed 4 September 2009, http://www.troymedia.com/NewsBeats/Technology_News_Beat/2009/06/TMC062609.htm.

Roman Woman Profile Essay -- Sculpture Art Roman Essays

Roman Woman Profile The sculpture that we have observed has been dated to the first half of the first century C.E. This places the portrait during the Julio-Claudian period in Roman history. From the information we have gathered about the time period, the woman's style of dress and of the types of sculpture prevelant during the period, we have formed a possible profile of the daily life of the subject. It was determined that the women in the portrait was most likely a freeborn, upper-middle class citizen of Rome. The portrait seems to have been a part of a funerary monument, a conclusion which was drawn due to the pattern of cleavage observed at the back of her head and the sides of her face. It was also observed that there was a piece of metal in the back of the head which could have been used to clasp the head to the monument. Comparisons with other known funerary monuments corroberate with this explanation. Since this is the likely case, several determinations can be made. Not many funerary monuments were made for the lower class, but for the upper class, parents often prepared funerary monuments for their daughters after having married them off (Pomeroy 149-189). Using this rationale, it can be concluded that she remained in the upper class after marriage, as upper class women were often married to upper class men (Pomeroy 149-189). The veristic form of sculpturing used led us to believe that she was not a part of the elite court class, for during the Julio-Claudian period, most portraits of upper class women were of the idealistic, eternal youth imagery, exhibiting smooth, beautiful features (Kleiner 139). The portrait of our Julio-Claudian matron, however, exhibited many realistic features that would not exemplify be... ...ed only women and some at which both men and women were present. She had leadership over her household, including her children and slaves, though she was subservient to her husband. Works Cited Cormack, S. (1996). The Domestic Realm. In D. E. Kleiner and S. B. Matheson (Eds.) I Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome (pp. 167). University of Texas Press. Austin, TX. Johansen, F. (1994). Catalogue. In A. M Neilson (Ed). Roman Portraits I. (pp. 246-7). Bianco Luno Copenhagen. Kleiner, Diana E. (1992). Art under the Julio-Claudians. Roman Sculpture. (pp. 139). New Haven, Bt: Yale University Press. Peradotto, J. (1984). Women in the Ancient World. (pp. 241) New York, NY: State University of New York Press. Pomeroy, S. (1976). The Roman matron of the late republic and early empire. Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves. (pp. 149-189). New York, NY: Schocken Books.

Grendels Mothers Attack :: Essays Papers

Grendel's Mother's Attack Grendel's mother, unknown to the Danes or Geats, is plotting to avenge the death of her son. After the celebrations are over in Heorot and everybody is asleep, Grendel's mother appears out of her dwelling place, the swamp. She enters the hall where the warriors are sleeping. They wake in time to ward off the attack with their swords but the monster manages to escape with one victim in her claws (this is Aeschere). After she escapes, the warriors realize that she has managed to steal back Grendel's claw from where it has been hanging. The victim is one of Hrothgar's closest advisors, "the man he loved most of all men on earth." The king summons Beowulf and his men. There's a feeling of desperation in the air. We know Beowulf realizes that something is dreadfully wrong -- no doubt he can hear the uproar from the main hall- but he also knows that it's his job to convey confidence and self-control. At this moment, the young warrior seems wiser and more mature than the aging king. Beowulf is told by the King that Grendel's mother has "avenged the feud" (Abrams, 44). The king, once again, asks Beowulf to help him. Beowulf, upon seeing the king's condition, says: Sorrow not, wise warrior. It is better for a man to avenge his friend than much mourn. Each of us must await his end of the world's life. Let him who may get glory before death: that is best for the warrior after he has gone from life. Arise, guardian of the kingdom, let us go at once to look on the track of Grendel's kin. On their way to the swamp, they discover Aeschere's bloody head sitting on top of the cliff.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism :: essays research papers

Hinduism and Buddhism are the two main religions of Ancient India. Both religions share common beliefs and have their differences. Some differences are the gods worshiped, the founders of the religions and the holy books worshiped. Both religions are similar and different at the same time. In the Hindu religion, the founder was not one person alone. Hinduism was developed over 3500 years ago by the Aryans. The Hindu religion was developed around the caste system. Important books of the Hindu religion are the Vedas. The Hindus are polytheistic, or they believe in many Gods. The caste system was the social class of India. At the top of the caste system were the Brahmins or the priests. Below them were the warriors followed by the merchants, the farm workers and lastly the untouchables. Some goals of the Hindus are to reach Moksha, or to be free of the caste system. The Hindu religion had many priests and religious rituals. Hinduism is still important and followed by people in India today. In the Buddhism religion, there was only one founder. The founder was the Siddhartha Gantina. Siddhartha founded Buddhism in 560 B.C. Buddhists rejected the caste system. Instead they focused on individuals. Important books of the Buddhist religion are the Triptakas. Buddhists have no Gods. They believed if you follow the Four Nobile Truths and the Eight Fold Path, you will live a great life. Buddhism is important throughout Asia, but there are few followers of Buddhism in India today. Hinduism and Buddhism share some beliefs as well. Both religions told people to live moral lives. People tried to live non-violent lives, or ahimsa. Both religions accepted reincarnation, which is the belief that after someone passes away, their soul, comes back to life in another body. The goal was to be united with an all powerful, spiritual force. They both thought animals were sacred.

U.S. Holiday Shopping

Sales among U. S. stores went stronger than expected over the weekend causing a relief for most retailers who were expecting a bleak shopping period due to overall slowdown of the economy. However, even though the figures are up, signs of more troubles were evident. Apparently, the bargain prices which helped drove shoppers to buy were so shocking that some analysts predicted that these stores will see a much worse profit slashing from their sales in the long run. Most retail experts consider the Friday after Thanksgiving Day as the overall barometer of retailing performance for holiday sales which basically account for at least 25 percent of their annual sales. The very indicator for these retailers came out when ShopperTrak released a report indicating a 3 percent increase of sales last Friday compared with last year’s performance. Moreover, the National Retail Federation (NRF) added that shoppers spent at least 7% more this year compared to 2007 with an average shipper spending about $372. 7 from Friday through Sunday. According to Kathy Grannis of the federation, â€Å"It seems that not only did retailers do a good job of attracting shoppers but it seems that shoppers were also excited again to take part in the tradition of Black Friday weekend. † Friday’s store sales which ranged from 50 to 70 percent will not provide better profits for retailers in the long run experts said. It was such an indicator that â€Å"retailers are somewhat desperate to sell†, according to Hana Ben-Shabat, of A. T. Kearney's retail practice. NRF reported that 172 million shippers visited shops and online stores after Thanksgiving weekend which is up from 147 million shoppers last year. In general, shoppers bought low-cost items like clothes, DVDs, video game CDs and other accessories. Gift card were not as popular having a 10 percent decrease in sales.

Organisational Behaviour Report Essay

put through is non confined at the single level alone besides is manifesting itself much and more(prenominal) than in schemes. Employees have run nobble more vociferous in their demands for a better deal. Various departments in an shaping face a situation entire of employments repayable to a add of reasons standardized goal diversity, scarcity of resources or caper interdependence etc. Conflict nonadaptive Conflict tail take an social form. Conflict between singles takes place owe to several factors, but nigh uncouth ar personal dislikes or constitution differences.When there are only differences of mentation between several(prenominal)s virtu wholey task-related matters, it can be construed as technical meshing sooner than interpersonal meshing. Technical and interpersonal bookings whitethorn influence separately some other(a) collectible to image-related pressures. One whitethorn put the fiendish for low sales volume on the production manager not see his production schedule and may contract disliking the production manager as an inexpert person. It is often precise difficult to set in motion whether a conflict between dickens parties is due to manifest rational factors, or it emanates from hidden personal factors.Conflict in operation(p) These types of intra meeting conflicts arise frequently due to an singulars inability to correct to the group norms . Most groups have an radical of a fair days work and may pressurize an individual if he exceeds or falls short of the groups productivity norms. If the individual resents both such pressure or punishment, he could come into conflict with other group members. Usually, it is very difficult for an individual to remain a group-member and at the said(prenominal) snip, substantially deviate from the group norm. So, in most cases, either he conforms to the group norm or is rejected by the group.Of course, before taking any such extreme step, he or the other group members try to influence to each one other through several mechanisms star(p) to different episodes of conflict. Analysis A hoi polloi of conflict is generated deep d accept organizations because divers(a) groups within the organization hold conflicting value and perceive situations in a narrow, individualistic manner. An lesson that comes readily to mind is that of the managment-labour conflict. dig feels that worry is exploiting it because in spite of qualification a profit, management does nothing for the stinting welfare of labor.On the other hand, management feels that the profits should go to cash militia so as to posit the companion an attractive proposition for investors. Another example is the conflict between engineering and manufacturing. applied science lays stress on technological sophistry and precision and is accused by manufacturing of pattern products that will last for many geezerhood but that the customers cannot feed. It is maintained that since an organization is constitute of individual and they had different perceptions of goals and dithering values, conflict is bound to arise in the organization.Managers of various departments have separate priorities and conflicting ideas about resource allocation. Hence conflict is the essential resultant role. Subordinates may clash with the manager everyplace whether the work can be urbane in the disposed(p) period of measure or not. They might even indicate with subordinates at their own level over the best possible way to do a given job. Thus conflict is an unavoidable outcome but at the same time it is assumed that conflict need not always be detrimental. Under some circumstances it could tension on problems and instigate a anticipate for better and more innovative solutions to problems.though conflict can lead to more creativity in problem dissolvent and be beneficial to organization to a lower place(a) certain conditions, yet it is perceived that conflict as har mful something to be single-minded once it arise. The views about human constitution are that people are fundamentally good trust, cooperation and goodness are given in human nature. Accordingly, the major preexistent conditions which induce aggressiveness and conflict in people are the faulty policies and coordinate resulting in distortion and breakdown in communication.Hence the managers role in resolving conflict is to come to understanding, trust and openness between parties. It is not easy to build a surd corporate culture in any organization. A strong culture is base on strong ethics. This is very weighty for the victory of the organization in the long-run. It is very easy to adopt short-cut methods to reach the crystallise but the downfall also comes at the same rate. Ethics ensure that the organization does not adopt short-cut methods to achieve success instead it stresses on the concept of free burning success.Every organization has its own calculate of ethics an d standards in a scripted form. The code of ethics normally contains the spare-time activity points Honesty Fairness in practices of the high societyDisclosing the inside information Acquiring and exploitation orthogonal informationDisclosure of outside activities by the employer to the employee Each organization has its own set of code of ethics. Making duologues has been determine as one of the primary responsibilities of any manager. negotiations may involve allocating resources, investing slap-up or introducing new products.If resources like men, money, machines, materials, time and space were abundant, clearly any prep would be unnecessary. But, typically, resources are scarce and so there is a need for planning. Negotiation fashioning is at the core of all planned activities. We can ill afford to waste scarce resources by qualification likewise many wrong negotiations or by remaining indecisive for too long a time, Negotiation making under risk A negotiation is m ade under conditions of risk when a single action may result in more than one capableness outcome, but the relative prospect of each outcome is known.Negotiations under conditions of risk are perhaps the most common. In such situations, alternatives are recognized, but their resulting consequences are probabilistic and doubtful. While the alternatives are clear, the consequence is probabilistic and doubtful. Thus, a condition of risk may be said to exist. In practice, managers task the likelihood of various outcomes occurring based on past familiarity, research, and other information. A feel control inspector, for example, might determine the chance of number of rejects per production run.Likewise, a arctic engineer might determine the probability of number of accidents occurring, or a staff office manager might determine the probability of a certain turnover or absenteeism rate. Negotiation making under dubiety A negotiation is made under conditions of uncertainness when a single action may result in more than one potential outcome but the relative probability of each outcome is unknown. Negotiations under conditions of uncertainty are definitely the most difficult. In such situations a manager has no knowledge any(prenominal) on which to estimate the likely detail of various alternatives.Negotiations under uncertainty loosely occur in cases where no historic data are available from which to reckon probabilities or in instances which are so novel and complex that it is impossible to make comparative judgments. Negotiations under complete uncertainty are as difficult to address as example of terminations under irresponsible certainty. Given even limited experience and the ability to generalize from past situations, most managers should be able to make at least some estimate of the probability of occurrence of various outcome.Nevertheless, there are undoubtedly times when managers feel they are dealing with complete uncertainty. The number of f actors to be considered and the large number of uncontrollable variables spanking to the success of such a threaten can be mind-boggling On a personal level, the selection of a job from among alternatives is a career decision that incorporates a great deal of uncertainty. The number of factors to be weighed and evaluated, often without comparable standards, can be overwhelming.